{"id":3696,"date":"2025-04-17T14:35:25","date_gmt":"2025-04-17T12:35:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/?p=3696"},"modified":"2025-04-17T14:35:28","modified_gmt":"2025-04-17T12:35:28","slug":"afrique-du-sud-la-transition-energetique-entre-urgence-climatique-et-justice-sociale","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/?p=3696","title":{"rendered":"Afrique du Sud : la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique entre urgence climatique et justice sociale"},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u2019Afrique du Sud se trouve \u00e0 la crois\u00e9e des chemins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques. Alors que le pays reste d\u00e9pendant du charbon pour 80 % de son \u00e9lectricit\u00e9, les pressions internationales et les catastrophes climatiques acc\u00e9l\u00e8rent une transition vers les \u00e9nergies renouvelables. Mais ce virage, cens\u00e9 concilier \u00e9cologie et croissance, se heurte \u00e0 des r\u00e9alit\u00e9s socio-\u00e9conomiques explosives. Le complexe de Medupi, plus grande centrale \u00e0 charbon d\u2019Afrique, illustre ce paradoxe : modernis\u00e9e \u00e0 grand frais pour r\u00e9duire ses \u00e9missions, elle fournit pourtant 4 000 emplois directs dans une r\u00e9gion sinistr\u00e9e par le ch\u00f4mage.<\/p>

Le plan \u00ab Just Transition \u00bb du gouvernement, soutenu par un pr\u00eat de 8,5 milliards de dollars des pays du G7, promet de cr\u00e9er 300 000 emplois verts d\u2019ici 2030. Sur le terrain, la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 est moins idyllique. \u00c0 Mpumalanga, c\u0153ur charbonnier du pays, les formations en \u00e9nergie solaire peinent \u00e0 s\u00e9duire des mineurs sceptiques face \u00e0 des salaires inf\u00e9rieurs de 30 % \u00e0 ceux des centrales thermiques. \u00ab On nous parle de transition juste, mais pour qui ? \u00bb, interroge Thabo Mbeki, syndicaliste de la National Union of Mineworkers.<\/p>

Les \u00e9nergies renouvelables progressent pourtant. Le parc \u00e9olien de la c\u00f4te Ouest, financ\u00e9 par des investisseurs fran\u00e7ais et danois, alimente d\u00e9sormais 200 000 foyers. Le projet Redstone, plus grande centrale solaire thermodynamique d\u2019Afrique, stocke l\u2019\u00e9nergie gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des sels fondus, une technologie prometteuse pour pallier l\u2019intermittence des \u00e9nergies vertes. Mais ces succ\u00e8s technologiques masquent mal les tensions politiques.<\/p>

La crise des \u00ab blackouts \u00bb, avec des coupures atteignant 10 heures par jour dans les townships, a transform\u00e9 le d\u00e9bat \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique en bombe \u00e9lectorale. L\u2019ANC, accus\u00e9 de mauvaise gestion, voit l\u2019opposition capitaliser sur la col\u00e8re populaire. Les communaut\u00e9s rurales, premi\u00e8res victimes des m\u00e9gaprojets \u00e9oliens et solaires, d\u00e9noncent des accaparements de terres sous couvert d\u2019\u00e9cologie. \u00c0 Xolobeni, sur la c\u00f4te sauvage du Cap, des habitants s\u2019opposent depuis 2023 \u00e0 un projet \u00e9olien mena\u00e7ant des sites sacr\u00e9s.<\/p>

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In the Fulani village of Hore Mondji, located in southern Mauritania on the banks of the Senegal River, a women’s cooperative uses solar energy to operate the borehole that supplies water to the market garden. A project piloted by UNICEF in partnership with local authorities.\n\nIn a country heavily impacted by drought and welding periods, solar energy represents an inexhaustible source of energy for the production of fruits, vegetables and aromatic plants (such as okra, carrots, mint, peppers, eggplants or tomatoes) for local consumption as well as for sale in the markets of neighboring towns.\n\nThe women of the cooperative thus have a regular income as well as a rich variety of fruits and vegetables that promote dietary diversification and the well-being of their children.<\/figcaption><\/figure>

Le mod\u00e8le sud-africain, entre privatisation partielle et maintien d\u2019Eskom en monopole public, montre ses limites. Les entreprises mini\u00e8res, grosses consommatrices d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, se tournent vers l\u2019autoproduction solaire, creusant les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie. Les townships, toujours d\u00e9pendants du charbon de mauvaise qualit\u00e9, voient les maladies respiratoires exploser. L\u2019OMS estime que la pollution de l\u2019air cause 20 000 morts pr\u00e9matur\u00e9es par an en Afrique du Sud.<\/p>

Pourtant, des solutions \u00e9mergent. La coop\u00e9rative \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique de Kuyasa, dans le Cap-Occidental, combine panneaux solaires et formation de techniciens locaux. Le gouvernement acc\u00e9l\u00e8re les permis pour les microcentrales hydro\u00e9lectriques dans le Drakensberg. Mais le vrai d\u00e9fi reste syst\u00e9mique : comment financer une transition estim\u00e9e \u00e0 250 milliards de dollars sans alourdir la dette publique d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e0 70 % du PIB ?<\/p>

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L\u2019Afrique du Sud se trouve \u00e0 la crois\u00e9e des chemins \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques. Alors que le pays reste d\u00e9pendant du charbon pour 80 % de son \u00e9lectricit\u00e9, les pressions internationales et les…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3696","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-actualites"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3696","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3696"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3696\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3700,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3696\/revisions\/3700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3696"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3696"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3696"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}