{"id":2618,"date":"2025-04-08T22:08:43","date_gmt":"2025-04-08T20:08:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/?p=2618"},"modified":"2025-04-08T22:08:46","modified_gmt":"2025-04-08T20:08:46","slug":"le-tech-bricolage-africain-reinvention-des-technologies-occidentales-dans-les-contextes-locaux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/?p=2618","title":{"rendered":"Le\u00a0tech bricolage\u00a0africain : r\u00e9invention des technologies occidentales dans les contextes locaux"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction :<\/strong>
Face aux contraintes structurelles (acc\u00e8s limit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, p\u00e9nurie de pi\u00e8ces d\u00e9tach\u00e9es), les ing\u00e9nieurs africains d\u00e9veloppent une culture du tech bricolage<\/em> (techjacking<\/em>), d\u00e9tournant les technologies occidentales pour les adapter aux r\u00e9alit\u00e9s locales. Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, entre innovation frugale et r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 la d\u00e9pendance technologique, red\u00e9finit les rapports Nord-Sud en mati\u00e8re d\u2019innovation.<\/p>

Les piliers du techjacking<\/em> :<\/strong>
Cette approche pragmatique repose sur trois principes :<\/p>

  1. D\u00e9tournement fonctionnel<\/strong>\u00a0:<\/li><\/ol>
    1. Les\u00a0makerspaces<\/em>\u00a0nig\u00e9rians transforment des smartphones obsol\u00e8tes en capteurs agricoles pour mesurer l\u2019humidit\u00e9 des sols.<\/li>\n\n
    2. Au Kenya, des \u00e9tudiants reconfigurent des drones chinois DJI pour livrer des m\u00e9dicaments dans les zones rurales.<\/li><\/ol>
      1. R\u00e9utilisation cr\u00e9ative<\/strong>\u00a0:<\/li><\/ol>
        1. Les\u00a0solar hackers<\/em>\u00a0du Togo assemblent des panneaux solaires \u00e0 partir de d\u00e9chets \u00e9lectroniques r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9s dans les d\u00e9charges d\u2019Agbogbloshie (Ghana).<\/li>\n\n
        2. Les\u00a0fab labs<\/em>\u00a0s\u00e9n\u00e9galais recyclent des moteurs de r\u00e9frig\u00e9rateurs en turbines pour petites centrales hydro\u00e9lectriques.<\/li><\/ol>
          1. Collaboration d\u00e9centralis\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0:<\/li><\/ol>
            1. La plateforme\u00a0AfriGadget<\/em>\u00a0connecte des bricoleurs \u00e0 travers le continent pour partager des solutions open source.<\/li><\/ol>
              \"\"<\/figure>

              \u00c9tude de cas : Le Z\u00e9ro Dollar Laptop<\/em> au B\u00e9nin<\/strong>
              Ce projet, initi\u00e9 par l\u2019ONG Blolab<\/em>, transforme d\u2019anciens ordinateurs jet\u00e9s en Europe en outils \u00e9ducatifs :<\/p>

              • D\u00e9poussi\u00e9rage mat\u00e9riel<\/strong>\u00a0: Remplacement des disques durs par des cartes SD low-cost.<\/li>\n\n
              • Syst\u00e8me d\u2019exploitation local<\/strong>\u00a0: D\u00e9ploiement de Linux Ubuntu traduit en fon et en yoruba.<\/li>\n\n
              • Impact social<\/strong>\u00a0: 15 000 \u00e9l\u00e8ves form\u00e9s depuis 2020, avec un taux de r\u00e9ussite accru de 40 % aux examens nationaux.<\/li><\/ul>

                D\u00e9fis et limites :<\/strong>
                Malgr\u00e9 son potentiel, le techjacking<\/em> se heurte \u00e0 des obstacles structurels :<\/p>

                • D\u00e9pendance aux d\u00e9chets technologiques<\/strong>\u00a0: Les \u00e9quipements reconditionn\u00e9s proviennent majoritairement d\u2019Europe ou de Chine, perp\u00e9tuant une relation in\u00e9gale.<\/li>\n\n
                • Absence de cadre juridique<\/strong>\u00a0: Les brevets occidentaux entravent la commercialisation de certaines inventions, comme les drones m\u00e9dicaux modifi\u00e9s.<\/li>\n\n
                • Risque de marginalisation scientifique<\/strong>\u00a0: Focus sur l\u2019utilitaire au d\u00e9triment de la recherche fondamentale, selon les critiques du professeur Ndubuisi Ekekwe (African Institute of Technology).<\/li><\/ul>

                  Perspectives : Vers un mod\u00e8le technologique panafricain ?<\/strong>
                  Des initiatives \u00e9mergent pour institutionnaliser cette culture de l\u2019innovation frugale :<\/p>

                  • Dipl\u00f4mes universitaires<\/strong>\u00a0: L\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Lom\u00e9 (Togo) a lanc\u00e9 en 2023 un Master en\u00a0Ing\u00e9nierie de la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n
                  • Politiques publiques<\/strong>\u00a0: Le Rwanda inclut le\u00a0techjacking<\/em>\u00a0dans sa strat\u00e9gie nationale d\u2019autonomie technologique (Made in Africa 2030<\/em>).<\/li>\n\n
                  • Collaborations Sud-Sud<\/strong>\u00a0: Le projet\u00a0AfriFix<\/em>\u00a0relie des\u00a0makerspaces<\/em>\u00a0africains \u00e0 des partenaires indiens et br\u00e9siliens pour \u00e9changer des savoir-faire.<\/li><\/ul>

                    <\/p>

                    <\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Introduction :Face aux contraintes structurelles (acc\u00e8s limit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9, p\u00e9nurie de pi\u00e8ces d\u00e9tach\u00e9es), les ing\u00e9nieurs africains d\u00e9veloppent une culture du tech bricolage (techjacking), d\u00e9tournant les technologies occidentales pour les adapter aux r\u00e9alit\u00e9s…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2619,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2618","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualites"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/woelab-1.png","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2618","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2618"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2618\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2621,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2618\/revisions\/2621"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2618"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2618"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africanova.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2618"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}